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[1:13] SPEAKER_20: On Last Word this week, six-times world snooker champion Ray Reardon, Val McIvor, the Scottish local councillor who campaigned to establish the University of the Highlands and Islands, and Eddie Spence, who decorated elaborate wedding cakes for Queen Elizabeth, Princess Margaret and Princess Diana. But we start by remembering Dr Mildred Stallman, who's died aged 101. She was the American paediatrician who set up one of the first modern intensive care units for premature babies. Her work at the Vanderbilt University Children's Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, led to major increases in survival rates. In 1943, Dr Stallman was one of only four women to graduate in medicine at the university. She began to focus her research on understanding respiratory problems in infants and babies.

[2:03] SPEAKER_20: In 1961, her experimental technique was applied for the first time, saving the life of a premature baby called Martha Lott, who then became Dr Stallman's goddaughter. Martha has been telling us what happened.

[2:17] SPEAKER_09: I was born probably about six weeks early, which puts me around 34 weeks. My dad was a fourth-year medical student at Vanderbilt, and Dr. Thulman brought him the X-ray. I had Hyland Membrane Disease, which today is called Respiratory Distress Syndrome. And at that time, there wasn't a way to open those lungs. And so it was 100% death sentence.

[2:44] SPEAKER_20: But Dr. Stallman had a possibly life-saving answer, which had never been tried before. She had designed a miniature iron lung.

[2:52] SPEAKER_09: She had worked with some engineers and built the equivalent of a baby-sized polio machine. And the polio machines were built to do inhalation and exhalation both. She had figured out a way to thread a catheter through the umbilical cord into the heart so that she could do blood gases and know how the ventilation was going and know what she needed to change.

[3:20] SPEAKER_20: Dr. Meg Rush is professor of pediatrics at Vanderbilt University today. She trained under Dr. Stallman.

[3:27] SPEAKER_13: She tested it for years. She actually put it in a basement because she wasn't sure that that was the right way to ventilate children. She truly wasn't. She was actually asked to take care of President Kennedy's son. And she felt that the technology at that point in time was not advanced enough. The real story is, you know, Martha was the daughter of a resident and they said, we are willing to do this. So she actually dusted this ventilator off and pulled the team together. And for four days, they ventilated her that way. And that was really the beginning of modern neonatology.

[4:05] SPEAKER_09: We believe it was the first time it had ever been tried on an infant, anywhere in the world.

[4:11] SPEAKER_13: She said if she had died, I probably would have quit. I'm not sure that's true, knowing Dr. Stallman. She was a very tenacious woman. But she would have felt significantly defeated, I think, had it not worked.

[4:23] SPEAKER_20: And it did work. And it did work. Remarkably, Martha Lott trained as a nurse and went to work in the neonatal intensive care unit at Vanderbilt, the very place where Dr Stallman had saved her life when she was a tiny baby.

[4:37] SPEAKER_09: When I started in the NICU, I started to understand the enormity of what had happened back then. It's impacted the unit at Vanderbilt a whole lot because it really helps newer nurses to understand the history of

[4:55] SPEAKER_13: Probably one of the first things I heard her say in teaching rounds was prematurity is not a medical disease. It's a social and political disease. Access to care, inequitable care, education levels, people who find themselves, you know, using turning to substances for coping. She all felt that that was part of premature delivery.

[5:21] SPEAKER_09: The other thing that Dr. Stallman helped to start was neonatal transport. She's seeing that there's babies that need help that aren't close to Vanderbilt. And they're dying before they get to Vanderbilt because of transportation issues. So she created a truck. that could transport babies and ventilate them on the way so that they could be safe and get to the hospital where they can have care.

[5:47] SPEAKER_13: Our first ambulance was a bread truck that was converted into a mini-NICU. Today, those trucks are fully equipped to be able to do everything that we can do in the nursery.

[6:00] SPEAKER_20: And you studied under Dr. Stallman. What was that experience like? Was she a hard task mistress?

[6:07] SPEAKER_13: My goal as a brand new intern was to never have to present to her because her approach to teaching was legit. And I got to my third rotation my very last week before I had to present to her. She was notorious for getting stuck on the social history when you presented to her. So I knew everything I could know about that mother, that father, the family history. I started talking and I didn't stop. And ironically, at the end of that presentation, in a rare moment, complimented my presentation.

[6:40] SPEAKER_09: I did not experience storming rounds, but I've been told that when she would do rounds in the hospital that you had to know your child. You had to have your answer, you had to know the family, you had to know the baby's illness, or you really got told.

[6:55] SPEAKER_13: She was tough. You know, she was tenacious. She was totally dedicated to bettering the lives through science, discovery, innovation and clinical care. She committed her whole life to that.

[7:12] SPEAKER_20: What about her physical appearance?

[7:14] SPEAKER_13: probably at the height of her height. She was probably about five feet tall. She always wore her hair pulled back in a bun. She had an infectious smile and laugh. I mean, she was really a lot of fun, but she was very structured. I mean, as fellows, we were invited to her holiday party. You had to be there by this time to do this activity. It was immediately followed by this activity. It was immediately followed by dinner. It was immediately followed by Christmas carols. And then she went to the front door and opened the door and you left. She loved animals. Pick up stray dogs. Halfway through my fellowship, she picked up a stray dog through the back of her truck driving back to Nashville from her farm.

[7:52] SPEAKER_13: It didn't get along with the other dogs. So then she tried to break up the fight. She ended up in the hospital for probably four days with dog bites all up and down one arm.

[8:01] SPEAKER_20: Was her work significant in increasing the survival rates amongst premature babies?

[8:07] SPEAKER_13: Oh, my goodness. Yes. You know, when she first started, it was 34 to 36 week babies.

[8:13] SPEAKER_13: We are now routinely saving babies down to 22 weeks gestation. You know, many of the principles of that care, although the technology and the treatments and the approach to treatments has advanced significantly over 65 years, the fundamental principles are the principles that she introduced to the world.

[8:37] SPEAKER_20: Dr Meg Rush on Dr Mildred Stallman, who's died aged 101. Now, Ray Riordan is widely seen as one of the world's best-ever snooker players. He was one of the first to turn professional as the sports popularity exploded with the introduction of colour television and the BBC Two series Pot Black. MUSIC

[9:02] SPEAKER_20: The former world snooker champion Kent Doherty was inspired to take up the sport by watching Ray on TV.

[9:08] SPEAKER_07: Oh, this was a revolution for our sport because when snooker came on the TV, Ray was, of course, one of the best players in the world and he became pot black champion. But that was when I first saw him on TV. and I was only eight years of age my father was a big Ray Reardon fan I've been hooked ever since but Ray would have been a huge inspiration in those days as well for a lot of snooker players

[9:34] SPEAKER_07: They nicknamed him Dracula, didn't they? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Why was that? He looked a bit like Bela Lugosi, didn't he? You know, or Vincent Price, because he had that look with the, you know, the slicked back hair and, of course, the fangs and the teeth. You know, he always looked immaculate any time he came out. He was dressed... He always had a wonderful aura about himself, you know. And, yeah, the Prince of Darkness or Dracula. And it was a great nickname for him.

[10:00] SPEAKER_20: I think he liked it and he lived up to it. Ray Reardon was born in Tredegar in Wales in 1937. He left school at 14 but played snooker at the Tredegar Institute to earn pocket money. During his teenage years, he had to balance his love of the sport with his career choices.

[10:17] SPEAKER_19: I did this mechanics apprenticeship, which only lasted about two months because my hands got grimy and dirty. And I thought, this is bad, playing snooker with your hands like this. So when I went down the mines two months later, I wore gloves. Well, you can imagine the ribbing I'm going to get with that, you know.

[10:37] SPEAKER_07: When he was in the mines, I think he used to play in the local mining institute where they had a couple of snooker tables. So, you know, playing in the amateur game then, of course, but he was working down the mines. I heard a story actually, it was once where he was actually covered in coal.

[10:51] SPEAKER_19: And this 50 tonne of rock, whatever it is, came down. And immediately you tried to resist and you can't move nothing. And you wanted to call for help and you opened your mouth and all the dust went in your mouth. So you knew immediately that you had to calm yourself down, breathe through your nose. And he mustn't resist.

[11:12] SPEAKER_07: And he was stuck under the coal, buried in coal for about three hours, believe it or not, you know.

[11:17] SPEAKER_19: And I came out of there unscarred. Might have bumped some bruises, yes, but fine.

[11:23] SPEAKER_07: His wife told him to get out of mines and join the police force. And he joined the police force up in Stoke-on-Trent and continued to play snooker, of course, in his off time. and became a very, very top amateur, of course. And then, you know, when snooker became very, very popular, of course, in the late 60s. And then, of course, when Pop Black came on the TV, there was a few more, sort of a little bit more money in the game. And it was a good time to turn professional.

[11:48] SPEAKER_03: A grandstand finish by Ray Reardon, the current champion. And there it goes.

[11:58] SPEAKER_03: Ray Redden, the 1974 Park Drive World Snooker Champion.

[12:04] SPEAKER_07: Yeah, he had a complete all-round game and that's what made him go right to the very, very top and be so successful for 10 years at least during those 70s when he won six world titles.

[12:15] SPEAKER_20: Six world titles. I mean, you were obviously very young at the time, but do you remember any of those matches?

[12:22] SPEAKER_07: My famous one, of course, was the Alex Higgins one, where he lost in 1982. Well, he'd already won the six world titles. He's back in the final. And everything's starting to flow now for Alex Higgins. And yeah, it was a fantastic final. And Reardon will be suffering in his seat. I think he won 18, 15 or 16 in the end, Alex Higgins. Fantastic.

[12:48] SPEAKER_04: And the Embassy World Snooker Champion for 1982 is Alex Herrickton-Higgins.

[12:55] SPEAKER_07: But of course, he cried his eyes out. He had the baby, he had the cup. You know, it was an iconic moment in our sport.

[13:02] SPEAKER_19: I always wanted to be a winner. And when I couldn't win, I retired. I didn't continue. I could have stayed on for many, many years. I could have stayed on for another 10, 15 years easily. But I didn't want to be an all-star runner. I'm a winner. I played to win, not to come second. I didn't want to know what you get for being eighth in a competition. I wanted to be the winner. I wanted to be the champ. Ambition. Be the best at what you do.

[13:30] SPEAKER_20: And Ray had a sense that he would give back to other players too, didn't he? Because I think after he retired, he helped Ronnie O'Sullivan, for example.

[13:40] SPEAKER_07: Ronnie O'Sullivan rang him up and asked him if he needed a little bit of help from the sort of tactical side of the game. And of course, in 2004, He helped him throughout that season. And of course, Ronnie famously won a second world championship then.

[13:52] SPEAKER_06: Ray's come down here and he's had a new dimension to my game. And I don't want to keep no secrets away, but, you know, he's really improved me in certain areas. And, you know, I think that's where I need to develop as a player.

[14:03] SPEAKER_07: And was very, very grateful. And they had a wonderful relationship.

[14:07] SPEAKER_19: And when we got to know each other, he was like father and son, really. He was wonderful.

[14:12] SPEAKER_07: I think that was the great thing about Ray. I mean, I remember even before he helped out, so my first time as a professional back in 1990 up in Blackpool, and Ray was sort of coming to the end of his career, but he came over to the table to myself and a few of the other young lads, you know, who were only sort of freshmen on the tour, very, very nervous, of course. And he was the great Ray Reardon, six times world champion, someone that I grew up watching. And he came over to the table and gave me a few little pointers. And I thought it was just so nice, you know, that he didn't have to do that. But he sort of put himself out of his way to help me and a few of the other young lads that were sort of starting off.

[14:50] SPEAKER_07: And it was sort of just showed the real sort of gentleman that he was and a great ambassador for the game. He just loves snooker, you know.

[14:57] SPEAKER_19: Somebody once said snooker was a sign of a misspent youth. Well, all I can say to those people, I wish I'd started earlier. It's been a great trip. I loved every moment.

[15:11] SPEAKER_20: Ray Reardon, who's died aged 91. Now, for many years, Val McIvor put herself at the service of the people of the Scottish Highlands and Islands. She was a district and regional councillor, as well as chair of the Caithness, Sutherland and Rossshire Planning Committee. Her daughter, Jen McKenzie, says she was a well-known figure in the region.

[15:31] SPEAKER_10: It was difficult to ever go shopping with her because it took such a long time. Everybody knew her by her first name and it didn't matter who they were or what they were. She just always had time for them. MUSIC PLAYS

[15:51] SPEAKER_20: One of Val's greatest achievements was the creation of a University of the Highlands and Islands, bringing together existing colleges and using online learning to unite far-flung communities. Her aim was to stop young people having to leave the Highlands to get a degree.

[16:07] SPEAKER_08: We have always been hampered by the lack of a university facility here. The possibilities for the whole of Highland are tremendous.

[16:16] SPEAKER_20: In 2011, the university became a reality and the Princess Royal was appointed as its first Chancellor.

[16:23] SPEAKER_16: I would like to congratulate now those who have been so determined in their pursuit of this university's status and how well-timed it is in a modern concept. And the intentions of the University of the Highlands and Islands are founded, most of all, in the magnificent physical environment which defines it, defines it and challenges it.

[16:50] SPEAKER_20: Val McIvor was born in 1944. Her mother was a single parent, so Val spent time living with her uncle Donny and his family in the small hamlet of Rockfield on the east coast of the Highlands.

[17:02] SPEAKER_10: they were not particularly well off, quite humble beginnings. She had a long walk to school and a long walk back. And she tried her best. And I think some days they were allowed to stay off because they helped around the smallholding. But I think she tried her best to go as much as she could.

[17:21] SPEAKER_20: How did she get involved in local politics?

[17:24] SPEAKER_10: She had met and married my dad and they moved further south to the village that we now still live in. They ran a small cafe. She at some point joined the local community council and really that was her route into local politics.

[17:40] SPEAKER_20: Val was elected to the Ross and Cromarty District Council three times. She represented the Ferrandonald area.

[17:47] SPEAKER_10: It had a boom with the oil industry because it's affiliated to the Nigg yard. It had to endure the closing of the aluminium smelter at Invergordon. So there was a real mixture of needs of unemployment at times. And so it was trying to make the best and encourage jobs. Are there sources of employment for the local population? I think she was very involved with that.

[18:12] SPEAKER_20: And what was it about her character that made her somebody who wanted to improve things for local citizens?

[18:18] SPEAKER_10: She brought people together, whether they've fostered an idea themselves or when it was her idea, they worked on it. And it's not that she was a hard taskmaster. She just had this way of inspiring people to get to this end goal.

[18:31] SPEAKER_20: It was when she was chairing the Education Committee of the Highland Regional Council that Val joined with others to campaign for a University of the Highlands and Islands. In part, she was inspired by her own experiences of education.

[18:44] SPEAKER_10: At some point, she returned to the local technical college and did a higher English and some business studies. And she so enjoyed that because she had left school without any formal qualifications. So I think that was a taster for her of what a working mum could do without leaving her home and her family. And then I think she saw me doing a couple of things and having to go away at a time where I might have rather stayed local.

[19:14] SPEAKER_17: The vision is to build on the strengths of existing colleges to create a university with campuses across the Highlands and Islands, held together by computer links. It would let students in, say, Stornoway, take part in a tutorial in Inverness.

[19:27] SPEAKER_20: Were there some setbacks during the campaign to get the university set up?

[19:31] SPEAKER_10: Yes, I mean, definitely. I think she felt that there sometimes was one step forward, two steps back, because they've said, well, you know, we've got universities, do we need it in the Highlands? And I think the visionaries that she worked with sat and said, you know, we have, we know we have so much, but we could actually improve it by making it better than some of its parts.

[19:53] SPEAKER_08: I and some of my fellow members saw a university as providing an education to people, not necessarily having to spend millions of pounds on bricks and mortar. We would use the existing buildings to run the degree courses in.

[20:07] SPEAKER_10: She saw the colleges remaining individual and true to their own specialties but with the addition of being able to attain a degree locally and at a time where technology was just coming into its own, UHI lectures were all pre-recorded. They were so ahead of the game that all their lectures can be watched and re-watched a later date.

[20:31] SPEAKER_20: She became rector of the university, which must have been a proud moment for her.

[20:35] SPEAKER_10: Yes, I think it was very proud. We were all incredibly proud of her, I think.

[20:41] SPEAKER_20: Perhaps an even more proud moment was when her granddaughter graduated from the university.

[20:48] SPEAKER_10: Yes, indeed. My daughter Maeve graduated with a first class honours degree in 2018 in Culture and Heritage, which was just a lovely degree. And we all travelled to St Magnus Cathedral in Orkney. The Princess Royal conferred her degree on her, which again, my mum was incredibly proud. It was a great, great moment.

[21:13] SPEAKER_20: I should think there was a couple of tears, weren't there?

[21:15] SPEAKER_10: Just a few, just a few. Outwardly, she was incredibly proud, but I think inwardly, quietly, she thought that this was an amazing culmination of all the work that had paid off. The other thing that it showed, there were certificates of attendance, merits, right up to diplomas, two or three PhDs. So I think that whole thing showed what she had really wanted or envisaged it, that the whole community was represented in that ceremony, and I think it was very special.

[21:49] SPEAKER_20: Jen McKenzie on her mother Val McIver OBE, who's died aged 79. This week, last words also go to the actor Roberta Taylor, best known for playing Irene Raymond in EastEnders and Inspector Gina Gold in The Bill. Nice.

[22:07] SPEAKER_20: We also remember Abdul Duke Fakir, the last surviving member of the Motown group The Four Tops. He sang on classic hits like Baby I Need Your Loving and Reach Out, I'll Be There.

[22:21] SPEAKER_20: The Four Tops, featuring Abdul Duke Fakir, who's died aged 88. Now, when he was 14 years old, Eddie Spence was an apprentice at an Edinburgh bakery. He was given the job of hand-beating hundreds of eggs for a wedding cake. But it wasn't just any old wedding.

[22:39] SPEAKER_02: On the morning of November 20th, 1947, Princess Elizabeth drove from Buckingham Palace to her wedding in Westminster Abbey. She was 21 years old.

[22:48] SPEAKER_20: Eddie's course in life was set by that first brush with royalty. He became one of the world's finest pipers of icing and went on to decorate wedding and celebration cakes for many members of the royal family. Dawn Pennington was trained by Eddie and worked alongside him for many years.

[23:05] SPEAKER_11: He just loved baking, creating. His real passion in the end was obviously royal icing with the decorating, but he also loved the actual baking and the creating of the cakes.

[23:17] SPEAKER_20: And just let's be clear, royal icing isn't just a turn of phrase, is it? It's a particular kind of icing.

[23:23] SPEAKER_11: Yeah, it's a mixture of egg white and icing sugar. It first came about with Queen Victoria, so that was why it's actually called royal icing. Eddie's style was really elaborate, very boxy cakes all done out of what we call runouts. He did obviously the crests all in icing.

[23:40] SPEAKER_20: So what was his first major royal commission?

[23:43] SPEAKER_11: I think it was Princess Margaret's cake, the first one.

[23:47] SPEAKER_18: Good evening, this is Richard Dimbleby. The night before the wedding, look at the scene in The Mall.

[23:53] SPEAKER_11: Cakes years ago, you know, were very elaborate, heavily piped, very skillful. He used to do everything obviously hand piped. Nothing was moulded or put in a template. Eddie used to draw most of his designs as well. So you actually had to plan and design and work out how it would fit on the cake, etc. So it was many, many hours just doing that part of it before the icing started.

[24:19] SPEAKER_00: Somebody once says to me, oh Eddie, I've got a cake to you, but it's only for next door's little boy. It doesn't matter who it's for, whether it's for a little boy or for the Queen, you've got to look at that and say, I did that, and be proud of what you do. It doesn't matter, you've got to make sure that the cake that you do, you're proud of.

[24:43] SPEAKER_11: How I knew Eddie was when he started working at Mary Ford's, which is a company in Southbourne in Bournemouth. And they were contracted to do the royal wedding cake for Lady Diana and Charles. Oh, yeah! Oh, yeah! Oh, yeah!

[25:02] SPEAKER_14: By her most gracious majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, to announce the wedding of her beloved son, Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer.

[25:15] SPEAKER_11: So Eddie got involved in that as well. Tears were in columns, I guess is the best way. They were in columns. Massive, way over six foot, royalised panels, all the crests on there, intricate piping, then the coat of arms, their initials. Spectacular. Princess Diana and Charles' wedding cake was auctioned quite recently and a slice of that was sold for the most ridiculous amount of money. I think it was in the thousands.

[25:43] SPEAKER_20: And I suppose he must have had a very steady hand.

[25:46] SPEAKER_11: He did, but towards the end, he didn't. That never stopped him. As soon as he had his cup of tea with his sugars in, that sort of steadied him. He used to have about six or seven spoonfuls of sugar in his tea.

[25:57] SPEAKER_20: Did he like a piece of cake with it?

[25:59] SPEAKER_11: Yeah, he did. He liked cake. He liked shortbread biscuits being Scots. Yeah, he definitely had a sweet tooth.

[26:09] SPEAKER_05: A June morning. London at the beginning of a day of celebration. Surely the world has never changed so much as in the lifetime of this second Queen Elizabeth, the Silver Jubilee of whose reign we celebrate today.

[26:21] SPEAKER_20: In 1977, he made a gold state coach design for the Queen's Silver Jubilee, which I gather weighed 56 pounds, 21 inches tall. I mean, a gold state coach must have been a very intricate piece of work.

[26:37] SPEAKER_11: Amazing. And it just looked true to life. You know, it was just incredible. I mean, you're talking months of the work that would be involved in that. He came out of retirement when he was 84. But at 84, he was asked to do the late Queen's 70th anniversary wedding cake.

[26:54] SPEAKER_20: And what sort of a design did he come up with for that?

[26:57] SPEAKER_11: Eddie had his own style. So it was all columns, pillars, runouts, crests. It was always sort of a very similar style. Intricacy in the work. Amazing. An absolute pleasure to look at, you know.

[27:11] SPEAKER_20: And he did get the MBE from Her Majesty the Queen, Queen Elizabeth, didn't he? What was that encounter like?

[27:18] SPEAKER_11: It was such an honour for him. He was so proud of that and so well-deserved for all the work that he's done over the years.

[27:26] SPEAKER_00: Oh, the Queen was absolutely gorgeous. And I was surprised how much the Queen knew about me, you know, because she said to me right away, it's lovely to meet you, Eddie, you know. So, Edward, she said, Edward, beg your pardon, Edward, she says, I've heard a lot about you and, of course, I've known all the work that you've done for the family.

[27:50] SPEAKER_20: I believe he called Her Majesty Pet.

[27:53] SPEAKER_11: I didn't know that, actually, but that was one of the things he called it. Everybody was pet, yeah.

[27:58] SPEAKER_20: When you saw him teaching, how did he pass on his knowledge?

[28:02] SPEAKER_11: He was so enthusiastic. I don't think you could ever meet anyone more enthusiastic than Eddie. I've got a little cake skull. And he came in and took a class for me when he was age 79. And at the end of the whole day, you know, I was sort of exhausted, sort of ready to call it a night, et cetera. And I said to him, I bet you'd be pleased to put your feet up tonight. And he said, no, he said, I can't wait to go dancing now. He's off dancing. The biggest tip he's always said to me was if you love what you do, you never work. And that's what he's always said, that he's never worked because he's always loved what he's done.

[28:37] SPEAKER_20: Dawn Pennington on Eddie Spence, who's died aged 91. This week you also heard Last Words on the Scottish counsellor Val McIver, the snooker player Ray Reardon and the paediatrician Dr Mildred Stallman. If you know someone who had a fascinating life and you think we should tell their story, please do send us an email with some information about them to lastword at bbc.co.uk.

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[29:35] SPEAKER_15: I'm Nicole Berry, host of Skin Queries, a podcast brought to you by Ruby Studio from iHeartMedia. Can we talk about how incredible our skin is? It's our protector while also serving as a litmus test as to how our body is functioning physically and emotionally. Let's unravel the mysteries around our skin and get to the heart of how to make everybody glow from the inside out. Listen to Skin Queries on America's number one podcast network iHeart. Open your free iHeart app and search Skin Queries.